Is there really forced labour in China? That was the question Canadian Member of Parliament Michael Ma appeared to be asking an expert witness during during a March 26 hearing of the House of Commons Committee on Industry and Technology about Canada’s recent agreement to allow imports of electric vehicles built in China.
The question matters far beyond Canada. Many companies and governments are grappling with how to assess and address political, human rights and environmental risks in PRC supply chains.
After Margaret McCuaig-Johnston cited a 2024 Human Rights Watch report about the specific risk of abuses in EV supply chains, Ma, a former Conservative MP who recently joined the governing Liberal Party, challenged her evidentiary basis by asking, “Have you witnessed forced labour in Xinjiang? Have you witnessed forced labour? Just a short answer—have you witnessed forced labour in Xinjiang, yes or no?” … “So did you get that from hearsay?” Further questions, such as whether Johnston’s China Strategic Risks Institute “specifically looks for risks when there isn’t one” seemed intended to challenge her credentials.
Frankly, that’s an unrealistically narrow evidentiary standard to apply to an extensively-documented human rights violation. Ma hasn’t explained why he behaved that way, but we can imagine it’s because the testimony was inconvenient to the government’s controversial import quota agreement—which was made despite prior evidence that current measures don’t adequately ensure that imported vehicles are free of forced labour or environmental violations. (The lithium in their batteries may be mined in Tibet.) Car-buyers need to understand that.
For the record, there is indeed forced labour in China, but the Party-state makes it exceedingly difficult for anyone to see it. The report Johnston cited describes PRC hostility to foreign carmakers’ human rights and responsible sourcing policies, and I can personally attest from travel through Xinjiang that the Party-state goes to great lengths to hide its shameful behaviour there. State Security has arbitrarily detained staff at firms that provide due diligence. Researchers have been subjected to sanctions, pressure and lawfare. PRC think tank Guancha published commentary celebrating and amplifying Ma’s harangue of Johnston.
Instances of slavery and forced labour can also be found in other countries. But the PRC situation is uniquely egregious because of its vast scale, central government coordination, and integration into global supply chains, which links violations directly to international production networks.
Forced labour in China involves state-directed labour transfer systems in which Uyghurs and other minorities are placed into industrial and agricultural work under coercive conditions that may include restrictions on movement, pervasive surveillance, and political indoctrination, with penalties for refusing to participate. Uyghurs are often transferred out of Xinjiang and into forced labour at the beginning of the Chinese automotive supply chain, in mining, smelting, basic materials, and small components that later end up in cars. Much of the evidence base necessarily comes from meticulous, inherently risky human-rights investigations, supply-chain analysis, satellite imagery, leaked government records, and survivor testimony, compiled by credible media, civil society organizations, academics, and UN rapporteurs. Multiple governments’ findings, including Canada’s own prior statements and legal measures under its import prohibition regime, support these conclusions.1
Relying on that body of evidence is a far cry from “hearsay”.
To understand why this debate matters for every country managing relations with China, read the following guest post by Vina Nadjibulla, Vice-President of Research & Strategy at the Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada. First published in Policy Magazine March 31, 2026.
The controversy around Liberal MP Michael Ma’s comments on forced labour in China is an early test of how Prime Minister Mark Carney’s China policy is being put into practice—and whether it can remain pragmatic without drifting into equivocation, accommodation or self-censorship.
Carney’s recalibration—toward a more interest-based approach aimed at stabilizing ties with Beijing while widening Canada’s options in a period of growing economic insecurity and overdependence on the United States—has clear strategic logic. In a world of coercive interdependence, middle powers need more room to manoeuvre.
China remains one of Canada’s most important economic relationships. And Canada has real interests in rebuilding relations with China in areas such as trade, energy, agriculture, and selective multilateral cooperation. Therefore, a more pragmatic, interest-driven approach is both necessary and overdue.
In Carney’s own Davos framing, pragmatism was meant to be paired with principle. His call for a “principled and pragmatic” foreign policy was rooted in the argument that middle powers must act with honesty and uphold values such as human rights, sovereignty, and territorial integrity. It was never intended to imply that, in trying to avoid friction with Beijing, Ottawa would begin to hedge on established facts, soften its language on documented human rights abuses, or narrow its own political space on issues such as Xinjiang and Taiwan.
Yet, that risk is already visible in how the government has responded to the issue of forced labour in China raised by Ma’s line of questioning. The public response from Ottawa was notable less for what it said than for what it avoided saying. Asked directly whether there is forced labour in China, Carney responded that there is child labour and forced labour “around the world,” adding only that there are “parts of China that are higher risk.” That formulation is not incorrect. But it marks a clear shift in tone from the Canadian government’s earlier, far more direct and focused language.
That earlier position was explicit as evidenced by a Global Affairs Canada backgrounder stating that “Canada is gravely concerned with evidence and reports of human rights violations” against Uyghurs and other minorities, including “forced labour within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, and mass transfers of forced labourers from Xinjiang to provinces across China.”
It also made clear that Canada’s forced-labour import prohibition “provides a basis for enforcement against goods produced by forced labour originating in or transferred from Xinjiang.” In briefings to Parliament as recently as 2024, senior officials continued to use similarly direct language, stating that Canada is “gravely concerned” by reports of forced labour and other human rights abuses in Xinjiang.
That clarity was backed by policy tools. Canada’s prohibition on importing goods produced wholly or in part by forced labour came into force on July 1, 2020, as part of its implementation of CUSMA labour obligations. Since January 2024, the Fighting Against Forced Labour and Child Labour in Supply Chains Act has added new reporting requirements for certain entities and federal institutions. Canada also introduced Xinjiang-specific business measures, including a Xinjiang Integrity Declaration and a business advisory warning firms about legal, reputational, and supply-chain exposure linked to Xinjiang.
This history matters. It shows that Ottawa’s earlier position was not vague or generic. It was explicit, and it was tied to concrete policy tools. The question now is whether it still has the political will to enforce them. That question is particularly important because Canada’s enforcement record so far has been modest. Since 2021, Canada has detained multiple shipments over forced-labour concerns, but only two have ultimately been blocked from entering the country after authorities determined they were produced with forced labour— both from China.
This is what makes the government’s recent statements so concerning. The problem is not merely that the rhetoric has changed. It is that it is changing in the wrong direction at precisely the moment when enforcement should be the priority. If Ottawa now prefers to speak about forced labour only in generic terms—as though Xinjiang were simply one example of a global issue rather than a specific, documented case the government itself has repeatedly identified—it risks softening the political will needed for stronger enforcement.
The risk of self-restraint is also becoming apparent in Ottawa’s approach to Taiwan. While Canada’s formal policy has not changed, recent decisions suggest a heightened sensitivity around actions that might invite Beijing’s displeasure. In January, Liberal MPs were advised to cut short a visit to Taiwan, and a long-negotiated trade facilitation agreement with Taipei remains unsigned. Taken together, these developments point to a growing caution in Ottawa’s approach to Taiwan—one that risks narrowing Canada’s room to manoeuvre.
That caution may be tactical. But the broader danger is that, in the name of improved relations with Beijing, Ottawa begins to limit its own flexibility—on human rights, on Taiwan, on investment scrutiny, and on the broader terms of economic engagement with China. Beijing, for its part, is unlikely to interpret such restraint as diplomatic sophistication. It is more likely to see it as evidence that pressure works—that the more Canada self-censors, the more room there is to demand further restraint.
This is not the time to loosen guardrails, waver in enforcing Canada’s economic security tools, or soften clarity on the principles and human rights concerns that should underpin them. If Canada is going to do more with China—including in strategically sensitive sectors such as EVs—it needs more clarity and more enforcement, not less.
Carney’s January visit to China established a series of mechanisms meant to institutionalize and deepen cooperation, and Minister François-Philippe Champagne’s visit this month to advance the finance and economic dialogue is part of that effort. The more robust economic engagement becomes, the greater the need for clarity and guardrails.
If Ottawa is serious about expanding trade and investment with China, it must be equally clear about the conditions under which it is prepared to do so. What kinds of Chinese investment does Canada actually want—and in which sectors? What screening mechanisms will apply? How will Ottawa distinguish between commercially beneficial engagement and strategically sensitive exposure? And how will it ensure that deeper economic ties do not blur critical lines on research security, infrastructure, sensitive technologies, and supply-chain integrity?
These are not secondary questions to be worked out later. They go to the heart of what kind of relationship Canada is now trying to build with China. The message Ottawa should be sending is straightforward: Canada is prepared to engage China where interests align, but it will also speak plainly about human rights abuses, uphold its legal obligations, and enforce its own rules with greater seriousness.
We should also be realistic about what is possible in our relationship with China. Some friction with Beijing is not a failure. It is inevitable. Indeed, it is the price of having a China policy that reflects Canadian choices rather than Chinese preferences. A mature China policy is not one that avoids friction. It is one that can absorb it—while remaining clear-eyed about where Canada’s interests lie, where its laws apply, and where its principles still have to hold.
Carney’s China recalibration has strategic logic. Its success will ultimately be measured by whether Canada can do two things at once: engage China where interests align, and hold the line where Canadian values, laws, and strategic interests require it. The challenge for Ottawa is not simply to stabilize relations with Beijing, but to do so without slipping into self-censorship, equivocation, or quiet accommodation. That is the real test now underway.
Sources on Uyghur forced labour and human rights violations in China:
Driving Force: Automotive Supply Chains and Forced Labor in the Uyghur Region,
Sheffield Hallam University, Helena Kennedy Centre and Nomogaia, 2025China’s Economy Runs on Uyghur Forced Labor, Pulitzer Center (republished from the Bureau of Investigative Journalism), May 29, 2025
Indicators of Forced Labour, International Labour Organization, 2025
Statement on the Second Anniversary of the UN Assessment on Human Rights Situation in Xinjiang, Global Affairs Canada, August 31, 2024
Asleep at the Wheel: Car Companies’ Complicity in Forced Labor in China, Human Rights Watch, February 1, 2024 (the report Johnston referenced)
Trafficking in Persons Report: China, U.S. Department of State, 2023
Statement by Minister Joly on UN Report on Human Rights Situation in Xinjiang, Global Affairs Canada, September 1, 2022
UN Reports China May Have Committed ‘Crimes Against Humanity’ in Xinjiang Camps, Emilia Díaz-Struck et al., International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, September 1, 2022
Assessment of human rights concerns in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China, UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, August 31, 2022
’Reasonable to Conclude’ Forced Labour in China: UN Expert, Al Jazeera, August 18, 2022
Study of Supply Chain Risks Related to Xinjiang Forced Labour, Global Affairs Canada, April 6, 2022
Agricultural Sector Forced Labor in the Xinjiang Uyghur Region, Sheffield Hallam University, Helena Kennedy Centre, January 25, 2022
In Broad Daylight: Uyghur forced labour and global solar supply chains, Sheffield Hallam University, Helena Kennedy Centre, 2021
Coercive Labor and Forced Displacement in Xinjiang’s Cross-Regional Labor Transfer Program, Adrian Zenz, Jamestown Foundation, March 17, 2021
Laundering Cotton: How Xinjiang Cotton Is Obscured in International Supply Chains, Sheffield Hallam University, Helena Kennedy Centre, 2020
The Human Rights Situation of Uyghurs in Xinjiang, China, House of Commons Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Development, Canada, 2020
Uyghurs for Sale: ‘Re-education’, forced labour and surveillance beyond Xinjiang, Australian Strategic Policy Institute, 2020
The Xinjiang Papers: ’Absolutely No Mercy’: Leaked Files Expose How China Organized Mass Detentions of Muslims, Austin Ramzy and Chris Buckley, The New York Times, December 22, 2019
Not to put too fine a point on it, but Xi and Putin’s “no limits”partnership includes killing Ukrainians - the very same ones Canada has dedicated itself to defending. It’s a government that embraces violent domestic oppression and none of the freedoms that for us are core values. These governments engaged in extensive espionage and are actively prosecuting grey zone warfare against the West. And that’s before we get to the reality of forced labor, which even Lula’s government found the courage to call out.
There’s nothing pragmatic at all about letting Chinese automakers into an auto manufacturing dependent economy and nothing principled whatsoever about giving your adversary a reputational makeover.
Be as mad at Trump as you want, Mr Carney. I don’t blame you. I’m mad at him too. But let’s don’t pretend for one minute there’s anything principled or pragmatic going on here.
Michael Ma clarified the conditions under which the government is prepared to expand trade and investment with China. The MOU between the RCMP and China's The Ministry of Public Security is a chilling tell. The medium is the message...